Urinary stones (calculi) occur commonly in adults, but less often in children. Because of this, there is less known about the treatment of stones in children.
Calculi in the urinary tract may be composed of a number of different materials.
Stones form due to crystallization of solutes that exist at a concentration high enough to exceed the saturation point. This can occur either because there is an abnormally high amount of stone-forming material in the urine or the urine is too concentrat ed because of dehydration (thirst).
Several materials form stones:
The incidence of calcium stones in adults is high; the minority of adults who form stones do so because of a significant metabolic abnormality (an abnormal amount of chemicals in the blood of the urine).
In children, stone formation is less common and, therefore, more likely to be caused by an underlying metabolic or anatomical abnormality.
Many children who form urinary stones have an underlying abnormality of their urinary tract. These include obstructions of the kidney or ureter, and diseases such as spina bifida and bladder exstrophy.
These anatomical problems make the treatment of stones in children more complicated and require that any treatment be given in conjunction with a pediatric urologist.
How Are Urinary Stones Diagnosed in Children?
Urinary stones are usually diagnosed in adults after they experience pain or see blood in their urine. These symptoms may occur in children, but often the stones are found on x-rays done for other reasons, or after vague and seemingly unrelated symptoms.
Where Are Urinary Stones Found?
Urinary stones may be found anywhere in the urinary tract. Stones in the calyces of the kidney usually do not cause pain. Stones at the ureteropelvic junction or in the ureter can cause intermittent or continuous obstruction of the kidney, with resulting severe pain. Stones in the bladder may cause irritability with frequent urination and discomfort with urination.
Stones often form in bladders that have been enlarged with intestine; these usually cause no symptoms.
Treating Urinary Stones in Children
When a stone in the ureter causes severe pain, narcotic medication is usually given as treatment in the emergency room. Sometimes the pain will go away completely for days, or even weeks. This does not mean that the stone is gone, and follow up x-rays should always be done to be certain.
A stone that is left in the urinary tract for months or years, because of lack of symptoms, can cause severe damage to the kidney or even result in loss of the kidney. A stone in the ureter will often "pass" spontaneously.
Your doctor can tell by the size of the stone on the x-ray whether the stone is likely to spontaneously pass. If not, the stone will need to be treated in other ways.
There have been remarkable breakthroughs in the past 20 years in the treatment of urinary stones. Prior to this time, the only option for removal of stones was an open operation. Now, open surgery is very rarely performed for stone disease.
If open surgery is proposed for your child's stone disease, ask about less invasive treatments that might be available.
The most cutting-edge treatment for urinary stones is ESWL: breaking urinary stones with shock waves from outside the body. In this form of treatment, x-rays or ultrasound are used to focus shock waves on the stone, breaking it without damaging the body's normal tissues.
Is ESWL Safe?
The safety of ESWL on the developing kidney has not been established beyond a doubt, but it seems from many large studies that this is a safe and effective way to treat pediatric kidney and ureteral stones.
Does My Child Need Anesthesia to Undergo ESWL?
In adults, some forms of ESWL can be given without anesthesia, but most children require at least sedation to keep them calm and still so that the focus on the stone can be maintained. The more powerful forms of ESWL are painful; children require anesthesia for these forms.
Does My Child Need Further Treatment After ESWL?
Most kidney stones in children can be treated with ESWL. Other treatments may be necessary due to:
In some situations, endoscopic approaches are most useful in treating urinary stones in children. Endoscopy refers to using telescopes inside the body. The urinary tract has long been approached using "cystoscopes" (bladder scopes), as well as ureteroscopes and nephroscopes (kidney scopes).
Urinary Tract Surgery Using Telescopes
The specialty of "endourology" refers to the use of such telescopes to perform surgery within the urinary tract. The most common application of endourology involves the removal of urinary stones.
Recently, UPMC pediatric urologists have developed a technique referred to as the "mini-perc", which was specifically designed for pediatric PCNL and also has been applied to adults. With the assistance of Cook Urological, they have developed a sheath for pas sage of miniature endoscopes (Circon/ACMI), allowing removal of kidney and ureteral stones through a small puncture.
The technique has been applied to many different stone types in children, who range in size from 11 pounds up to adulthood. In most instances, an interventional radiologist will place a tube into the kidney the day prior to surgery. This percutaneous nephrost omy tube gives us access to the kidney.
Sometimes the specialists will skip this step and obtain access in the operating room. They pass a guide wire into the kidney, and over this wire pass a catheter (tube) that has two passages. This is then used to introduce a second "safety" wire. The catheter is then removed and the sheath is inserted.
Once the sheath is in place, the stone(s) are either removed whole, or fragmented and removed. Stones can be broken using several forms of energy, including laser, ultrasonic, and electrohydraulic. Small rigid and flexible telescopes can be used to see all pa rts of the inside of the kidney and ureter.
Stones and fragments can be removed using miniature graspers and baskets passed through the scopes. UPMC pediatric urologists have used the mini-perc technique for years with success equal to standard forms of percutaneous stone removal. It is important to no te that more than one procedure is often necessary to remove all stone fragments, and that a small nephrostomy tube is left in the kidney until the process is completed.
Bladder stones in the United States are most commonly associated with urinary tract reconstruction, either for bladder exstropy or neurogenic bladder. Stones often form in bladders that have been enlarged or "augmented."
Percutaneous techniques are now used routinely to remove such stones, often on an outpatient basis. The use of percutaneous techniques to remove bladder stones results in an average hospital stay of one day, as opposed to approximately five days for open surgery.
The Department of Pediatric Urology at UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh is a mul tidisciplinary clinic that treats and manages pediatric stones. A team of specialists, including a urologist with specialty training in the management of stone disease, a nephrologist, and a nutrition specialist, create a treatment plan and follow the patient's progress over the long term.
Contact us to schedule an appointment, 412-692-4100.
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